Exodus 32:1-5

1. AND when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.

2. And Aaron said unto them, Break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them unto me.

3. And all the people brake off the golden earrings which were in their ears, and brought them unto Aaron.

4. And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.

5. And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation, and said, Tomorrow is a feast to the LORD.

The Qur'an confirms the fact that a calf was made by the "Samiri", not Aaron;

So Moses returned to his people in a state of indignation and sorrow. He said: "O my people! did not your Lord make a handsome promise to you? Did then the promise seem to you long (in coming)? Or did ye desire that Wrath should descend from your Lord on you, and so ye broke your promise to me?"

They said: "We broke not the promise to thee, as far as lay in our power: but we were made to carry the weight of the ornaments of the (whole) people, and we threw them (into the fire), and that was what the Samiri suggested. Then he brought out (of the fire) before the (people) the image of a calf: It seemed to low: so they said: 'This is your god, and the god of Moses, but (Moses) has forgotten!' "
[Qur'an 20: 86-88]

Aaron advised the Israelites to resist temptation;

Aaron had already, before this said to them: "O my people! ye are being tested in this: for verily your Lord is (God) Most Gracious; so follow me and obey my command."
They had said: "We will not abandon this cult, but we will devote ourselves to it until Moses returns to us."
[Qur'an 20:90-91]

In a further dialogue between Moses, Aaron, and the "Samiri", the Samiri admitted his false invention;

(Moses) said: "O Aaron! What kept thee back, when thou sawest them going wrong, from following me? Didst thou then disobey my order?"
(Aaron) replied: "O son of my mother! Seize (me) not by my beard nor by (the hair of) my head! Truly I feared lest thou shouldst say, 'Thou has caused a division among the Children of Israel, and thou didst not observe my word!' "

(Moses) said: "What then is thy case, O Samiri?"
He (Samiri) replied: "I saw what they saw not: so I took a handful (of dust) from the footprint of the Apostle, and threw it (into the calf): thus did my soul suggest to me."
[Qur'an 20:92-96]

If Aaron took the calf for worship, there would not be a line of priesthood named after him, where Mary, mother of Jesus, and Elisabeth, mother of John the Baptist, came of this high lineage. But there would be shame in this life;

Those who took the calf (for worship) will indeed be overwhelmed with wrath from their Lord, and with shame in this life: thus do We recompense those who invent (falsehoods).
[Qur'an 7:152]